📌 标题：

从“心意更新”到“忏悔制度”：悔改概念的神学演变路径图
From “Inner Transformation” to “Institutionalized Penance”: A Theological Pathway of Repentance

1️⃣ Metanoia（μετάνοια）— 希腊文新约中的原始悔改观

Metanoia — The Original Greek View of Repentance in the New Testament

• 中文解说： 在耶稣和保罗的教导中，“Metanoia”不是单纯的悲伤或自责，而是强调意识的转变、价值观的反转、灵魂的归向。这是一种内在的灵性重生，象征着信徒对真理的回应与方向的改变。
• English Explanation: In the teachings of Jesus and Paul, “Metanoia” is not mere remorse but a deep transformation of mind and heart, a redirection of life toward God. It represents an inner renewal rather than a ritual act.

2️⃣ Poenitentia — 拉丁化翻译下的含义收缩

Poenitentia — Conceptual Shift in Latin Vulgate Translation

• 中文解说： 当“Metanoia”被翻译为“Poenitentia”时，悔改的内涵发生了显著变化。从“改变心意”变成“为罪感到懊悔并接受惩罚”，使“痛苦”成为核心主题。这一转译奠定了天主教苦修和赎罪神学的基础。
• English Explanation: The translation of “Metanoia” into “Poenitentia” narrowed its meaning, shifting focus from transformation to penal sorrow and penance. This translation laid the groundwork for a theology centered on punishment and restitution.

3️⃣ 中世纪天主教忏悔制度的建立

Institutionalized Penance in Medieval Catholicism

• 中文解说： 教会发展出固定的忏悔流程：认罪 → 告解 → 赦罪 → 补赎。悔改不再是信徒与上帝之间的内在关系，而被制度化为教会掌控下的“救赎程序”。
• English Explanation: The Church established a formal process of repentance: confession → absolution → penance. Repentance became an institutionalized sacrament, mediating the believer’s access to grace through the clergy.

4️⃣ 宗教改革后：新教重申“信心中的悔改”

Post-Reformation: Protestant Emphasis on Repentance by Faith

• 中文解说： 马丁路德强调：“悔改是整个人生向上帝的转向”。新教回归对“Metanoia”的理解，强调信心的力量，而非依赖告解仪式。悔改成为一种持续的生命状态，而非一次性的宗教动作。
• English Explanation: Martin Luther reaffirmed repentance as a lifelong transformation through faith, not ritual penance. The Protestant Reformation returned to the heart of “Metanoia,” emphasizing justification by faith and inner renewal.

✨ 总结 Summary：